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Honour and Glory to
Punjabi Pioneers Amrik Singh
Three-day
celebrations of 28th Annual Sikh Parade in Yuba City started with
fireworks on Friday, November 2, 2007. An open seminar was held on
Saturday afternoon. Lieutenant Governor John Garamendi inaugurated the
seminar and congratulated organizers for their efforts to handle Sutter
County’s largest religious festival. Dr. Bruce L. Brack Professor of
Anthropology and International Studies of Pacific University Stockton
delivered the keynote address. Sukhraj Singh, an American born Sikh spoke
on challenges he had to face to keep his identity intact.
Vignette of Punjabi
movement Nadir Ali
At the time of independence,
Punjabi reading and publishing were thriving in West Punjab. Based in
Lahore, it consisted of qissas and cheap prints of Punjabi classics
printed in hundreds of thousands. Urdu nevertheless ruled supreme, in
newspapers, magazines and prestigious publishers, radio and TV. The only
'patrons' of Punjabi at the time were a couple of bureaucrats and that too
on account of their tussle with Urdu speaking bureaucrats, e.g. Mumtaz
Hassan and N.M. Khan etc.
Old wounds
Shagufta Yasmeen
‘Fifty years after that
fateful day, as I sit down to write these lines, I wonder which was the
greater casualty: the loss of millions of lives and the uprooting of many
more from their homes, or the loss of compassion in me and in other
people. Compassion is the trait that distinguishes humans from animals.
How many survivors of partition, from all faiths, could have retained this
after experiencing so much terror and anguish?’ wrote Satish Gujral in his
article entitled ‘I suffered from what I witnessed’.
Loss of a progressive
voice G. Abid Jafery
Dr Afzal Mirza a great Urdu
poet and short story writer, whose writings appeared on these pages till
early this year, left for his heavenly aboard on in August leaving his
family and a large number of admirers and students to mourn. A few years
ago he shifted to America along with his literary activities for the
treatment of his ailing wife who died last year. Her death came as a blow
to him.
Number of Punjabi
readers decreasing News Report
Punjabi language that will
never die. It has immense scope for adapting to changes, and will always
be as fresh as ever, even after undergoing changes. But while Punjabi is
spreading everywhere, the readers of Punjabi literature are decreasing.
This is how famous writer Ramsarup Anakhi explains the current trend in
Punjabi writing. In city to interact with the students of Guru Nanak
Khalsa College for Women, Gujarkhan Campus, Model Town, Anakhi expressed
concern over the way readership of Punjabi has been decreasing in the last
few years on account of the plethora of media devices today, and also the
electronic media.
Bhangra Spread Its
Empire Sue Steward
The west London Mela which takes
place every August is the British-Asian Glastonbury and the perfect place
to catch up with the heroes of homegrown bhangra, the top singers from the
sub-continent, and new faces on the UK-Asian dance music scene: Panjabi
MC, the Panjabi Hit Squad, Jazzy B and the rest of the clan. Between the
funfair, curry and samosa stalls, sari kiosks and kofi ice-cream sellers,
are several stages and music tents. Family groups picnic on the grass
while their unwed offspring throng the stages to dance, pose and flirt.
Punjabi
Literature As Rich As Any Other News
Report
LAHORE: Chief Minister Pervaiz
Elahi said on Thursday that Punjabi was so rich that its literary and
poetic sayings could be compared with any literature of the world. He was
addressing an inaugural ceremony of Punjab Rang Radio (FM 95) at the
Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture. He said the government had
taken measures for the protection and promotion of Punjabi.
Remembering Bhagat
Singh (1907-1931) Mubarak Ali
IN 1947, the subcontinent was
not only partitioned into two countries, but as a result of partition
history too was divided, with two distinct characteristics developing
their own interpretations in India and Pakistan. In Pakistani
historiography the emphasis is on the Pakistan Movement rather than on
anti-colonialism. That is why movements and those individuals who had
taken part in the anti-colonial struggle are not part of our history.
Sardar Bhagat Singh is one such individual
Restoring Punjabi
identity Ishtiaq Ahmed
The BBC announced on October 1 that a
truck carrying goods from East Punjab crossed the Wagah-Attari border
between India and Pakistan and entered West Punjab for the first time in
60 years. This was once an ancient trade route, dating back to 600 years.
It linked India to Afghanistan and Central Asia, but when partition took
place that route was closed. Consequently, for a long time there was no
trade between the two Punjabs or when the trade was agreed a few years ago
trucks would unload their goods at the border on both sides and then
labourers would carry them to the other side. Mind you, the trade
consisted of vegetables going from East Punjab to West Punjab and fruits
coming from West Punjab to the other side.
NAWAZ, Punjabi’s lost gem
Akmal Aleemi
Few people go by a single name
and they are special. Nawaz was born Karam Nawaz in Kathu Nangal, a small
village near Amritsar and migrated to Lahore days before partition along
with his family. Soon after completing his school he shed the first name
and began writing in Urdu and Punjabi. He died in Lahore on May 10, 1995
of emphysema apparently caused by smoking. It was a day of sacrifice,
Eid-al-Azha.
Punjabi
translation of Hungarian poet Petofi’s work launched
News Report
ISLAMABAD: Poetess Sarwat Mohiuddin on
Tuesday launched the first ever Punjabi translation of noted Hungarian
poet Sandor Petofi’s selected poems at the residence of Hungarian
Ambassador Bela Fazekas. Three collections of her poems have already hit
the stores.
Thoughts on Bhagat Singh,
Birth Centenary Bal Anand
Bhagat
Singh and his comrades-in-arms, Sukhdev and Rajguru have indeed come to
symbolize the rarest example of the ultimate supreme sacrifice for the
Independence of India from the slavery of the British. The fact that the
Trio was in the prime of youth with a promise of rare intellect, courage
and commitment had fired the imagination and touched the soul of the young
and the old in the length and breadth of the Indian sub-continent.
A Tale of Turmoil and
Trials Jaspal Singh
Rabinder
Singh Atwal has been living in California for decades now. He has seen
scores of Punjabi families moving to America, settling and disintegrating
over a period of time. This process of alienation and integration of the
Punjabi community in this part of the world has been waiting for a
narrative treatment for a long time. No doubt, the tale of the migration
of a community from its native environment to an alien set up is always
full of trials and tribulations that in literature usually give birth to
narratives of epic proportions. So thematically Atwal’s raw material has
all the ingredients of being an epical novel, yet the end result slightly
falls short of that. In spite of this, he has been able to spin extremely
interesting yarn, weaving it into a mosaic of melodious modulations that
engage the reader for hours together.
New Battleground for
Punjabi Men of Letters Amrik Singh
IS
Punjabi language and culture coming of age in North America? From the
glut of Punjabi magazines, more in Gurmukhi script than in Shahmukhi and
number of literary, social and religious organisations and Internet sites,
one could jump to the conclusion that Punjab counts. Also, the number of
legislators and councilors could lend credence to this impression. At
least two Punjab [India and Pakistan] born scientists from the two Punjabs
have won Noble prizes. Yet as discussions at the 13th Punjabi American
Literature Conference reveals much more needs to be done
Exploring the Legend of
Shaheed Bhagat Singh Harish K. Puri
Among the large number
freedom-fighters who laid down their lives in the struggle, the popularity
of Shaheed Bhagat Singh appeared to be of an exceptional order; almost
incomparable. His name and his picture with the hat became popular in
practically all parts of India after his execution. Nehru referred to his
popularity as “sudden and amazing”. Writing about Bhagat Singh four years
after his death, the Director of Intelligence Bureau, Sir Horace
Williamson noted that, “His photograph was on sale in every city and
township and for a time rivaled in popularity even that of Mr. Gandhi
himself”. (Quoted in Noorani 2005:256)
Website on
Encyclopaedia of Sikhism launched News
Report
The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism
will now be available on Punjabi University's website. It will also be
available in a compact disc format. The Punjab Governor and chancellor of
Punjabi University, S.F. Rodrigues (retd), today launched Punjabi
University"s website (
www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org/eos) on the Encyclopaedia of
Sikhism and also its CD at Punjab Raj Bhavan, here today.
An Eternal Cultural
Dimension of Fazilka Navdeep K. Asija
It is a great news and proud
moment for citizens of Fazilka that Mrs. Pushpa Hans, a veteran Punjabi
singer from this town has been given Padamshri Award, the most prestigious
and coveted civilian award for Indian citizens of the sub continent by the
President of India, for her outstanding contribution in the field of Art
and Culture.
The Forgotten
Gujjranwalias and Sheikhupurias of Karnal
Harjap Singh Aujla
In my recent article about the
relocation of Lahoria Hindus and Sikhs, I made a mention of where most of
them were settled. In this article I shall deal with the tragedy of the
Hindus and Sikhs, who were uprooted from the districts of Gujjranwala and
Sheikhupura. The Lahorias and the Sialkotias were lucky, because they were
the first to be settled in the Punjabi speaking areas of erstwhile East
Punjab. The sons and grandsons of the valiant Sikh soldiers, who were
settled in Lyallpur and Montgomery districts were very influential. They
had Giani Kartar Singh, an astute politician, as their leader. So they
were also settled in the areas and districts of their choice. But the
refugees from Gujjranwala and Sheikhupura were not that lucky. Firstly,
they suffered massive losses of life during the rioting and secondly, they
were made to settle in non-Punjabi areas.
A Part of Lahore Lives
in Amritsar
Harjap Singh Aujla
Every
language and every culture has a character and a center, which can be
called its fulcrum. For Urdu Culture such a center is
Lucknow
. As far as Punjabi language and culture are concerned, the center was
undoubtedly
Lahore
. A lot of connoisseurs of Punjabi language believe and I happen to be one
of them that Gujjranwala’s population speaks an even sweeter version of
Punjabi. Culturally, however, there is no doubt that
Lahore
is still the prime center of Punjabi.
Eulogising Punjab
Bibi Gul
Saeed Ahmad's work displayed
at the Nairang Galleries in Lahore, is a rendition of the artist's
physical environment; Punjab's flatland, golden fields, hills swathed with
the deep green of virgin land, and its people and wildlife. The media he
has used are quite simple oil, watercolours and pen and ink. Having been a
student of Khalid Iqbal, Colin David and Naseen Qazi at the Alhamra Art
Council he belongs to that group of their students who took upon
themselves a meticulous search for the dilemma of space in perspective
that went on to become an eulogy to the Punjab landscape when the artists
dispersed themselves in the rural areas.
National language
tangle Manzoor Chandio
THE theory of Pakistani
nationhood being promoted by the establishment has had far-reaching
consequences for the country's political, social and cultural milieus. It
is argued that we are the followers of one religion (Islam), live in one
country (Pakistan) and belong to one nation (Pakistani); therefore, we
should have one national language (Urdu).
The power of two
Book Review by Mehtab Ali Shah
TRIVIDESH Singh Maini believes
that despite the passage of 60 years, and the bitter memories of the
carnage, the Punjabis living on either side of the border or in diaspora
are still one people. They speak the same language and they worship the
same Rab or Raba (God). Guru Nanik Dev, the founder of the Sikh religion,
is also revered by Hindus and Muslims. Sufi poets such as Waris Shah and
Baba Bulleh Shah of Kasur are respected by all. Thus the author believes
that Punjabis as a cultural community are indivisible.
Punjab holocaust of
1947 Ishtiaq Ahmed
Intelligence about private
armies and sale and movement of arms and ammunition had been collected by
the Punjab administration since a long time, and the fact that a very
large population in Punjab had served in the army should have left no
doubt that a bloodbath would occur if proper arrangements were not made to
prevent it. The Sikhs could always use their kirpans as daggers. They were
also better organised for the final showdown.
Negotiations on
Punjab–1947 Ishtiaq Ahmed
The Punjab governors, Sir Bertrand Glancy
(from April 7, 1940 to April 7, 1946) and Sir Evan Jenkins (April 8, 1946
to August 14, 1947) had been warning repeatedly that if India was
partitioned, the partition of Punjab would become impossible to prevent.
But attempts to keep it united continued almost to the very end. Sir Khizr
Hayat Tiwana proposed that the Punjab could choose to remain undivided and
seek direct dominion status within the British Commonwealth as an
independent unit.
A celebration of
spirituality Ali Usman
LAHORE: The air of Kasur gets
misty with melodious Kafis (short poems) of Bulleh Shah every year, when a
3-day celebration of Bulleh Shah’s Urs commences in Kasur. On the last day
of the Urs, devotees from all across the country throng the city to pay
their tribute to one of the greatest Punjabi sufi poets, termed by many as
the poet of love and humanity.
Reading Ghalib in
Punjab
Dr. Afzal Mirza
Dr Afzal Shahid is a physicist by
profession but a prolific writer of Urdu and Punjabi poetry. He has
written more than half a dozen books of verses and all that by sitting in
Atlanta (Georgia). After a PhD in physics and a short teaching stint at
Govt. College of Science in Lahore he migrated to America and worked in
the famous Bell Laboratories from where he got recently an early
retirement. At present he teaches in a College and devotes his whole extra
time in following his favorite pursuit of reading and writing poetry.
Shaminder’s Cravings for
Duets with Lata Mangeshkar
Harjap Singh Aujla
There
are very few gramophone discs recorded in the voice of Shaminder. Bhai
Shaminder Singh hailed from a wealthy landlord family of Muktsar, a
historic town in Southern part of East Punjab. Shaminder was fond of
decent music from his childhood and he got his primary lessons in
classical Indian music from a local Sikh religious musician. From his
teens, he used to sing while being alone. He was exposed to good Punjabi
and Hindi music since his early childhood. He liked Suraiya, Surinder Kaur
and Shamshad, but his most favourite singer was Lata Mangeshkar, whom he
admired like a living goddess, a “Devi”.
The battle for Lahore
and Amritsar
Ishtiaq Ahmed
Large-scale rioting in the undivided Punjab
subsided from March 14, 1947, onwards, but enough blood had been spilled
not to let the Punjab return to normality. Lahore, Amritsar, Multan and
Rawalpindi witnessed harrowing scenes of inhumanity hitherto unknown to
the Punjab. However, in Multan and Rawalpindi the non-Muslims were not
only greatly outnumbered, but these towns were located deep in the
overwhelmingly Muslim-majority western Punjab. Therefore the Hindus and
Sikhs began to migrate, often times sending their womenfolk and children
away to safer havens eastwards, and decided not to confront the Muslim
majority in a militant manner.
‘Love, not
knowledge leads to God’ News Report
LAHORE: Famous Sufi poet and
saint Bulleh Shah has conveyed message of secularism and to understand his
message one needs to understand history, culture and civilisation of the
time, said Academy of Adbiyat director Qazi Javed in a seminar organised
by the Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture on Monday.
Shiv Singh, the
Blackrobed Painter and Sculptor South
Asia Post
Painter and designer, but primarily a
sculptor, SHIV SINGH was born in Hoshiarpur in 1938. From 1958 to 1963, he
studied in Punjab College of Arts. From 1963 to 1968, he taught art at the
Sainik School, Kapurthala. In 1967 he was invited to participate in the
Second National Sculptor’ camp, Delhi. In 1968, he German Government
offered him a scholarship in advanced studies and research in
art for 3 years in Germany.
Talat Mahamood’s Love for
Punjabi
Harjap Singh Aujla
Talat
Mahmood was a symbol of finesse in manners, language and singing. During
good old days, in the Indo-Gangetic plains of Northern India there were
three great centers of distinctly different cultures. Calcutta was the
home of Bengali culture Lahore was the center of Punjabi culture and
Lucknow used to be the heart and soul of Urdu culture. Hailing from an old
“Nawabi” (princely) family, Talat Mahmood was brought up in the cradle of
sophisticated Urdu culture. He was born on February 24, 1924. Since his
childhood he was fond of good music and fine poetry.
Pakistan's garrison
state legacy Ishtiaq Ahmed
In his seminal work, The
Garrison State: The Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab,
1849-1947 (New Delhi and London: Sage Publications, 2005) Tan Tai Yong, a
prominent historian of the colonial Punjab era, at the Institute of South
Asian Studies, National University of Singapore advances the thesis that
Pakistan, not India, is the heir to the garrison state legacy of British
colonial rule. A garrison state is one which relies heavily on its
fortification and military prowess to ward off internal and external
threats.
Partition of Punjab
Ishtiad Ahmed
Scholarly
works on the partition of India are legion, but those focusing on the
partition of the Punjab are very few. Ian Talbot and Kirpal Singh indeed
have pioneering works on the Punjab partition to their credit, but much
more research needs to be done to shed light on the dynamics of that
cataclysmal event. After all the greatest forced migration in history with
its gory tales of massacres, looting, arson, rape, abduction of women and
children and other acts of savagery were essentially facets of a Punjabi
tragedy.
Legendary Singer Surinder
Kaur and the Trauma of Partition
Harjap Singh Aujla
WE
are celebrating the independence days of Pakistan and India in August, but
there are bitter memories in the eyes of those who saw the events
unfolding at the time of the first independence-day. Surinder Kaur was one
such witness to the horrors of partition of the Indian sub continent.
During the nineties of the 20th century, two of Surinder Kaur’s daughters
got settled in New Jersey, USA. She used to visit America during the
summers each year. Outside her own family members and those of her older
sister Parkash Kaur, the only people she would often call on were Iqbal
Mahal of Toronto and myself, because we were among her biggest fans in
North America. Once I asked her about her childhood and the formative
years, she started talking about the partition of Punjab. Here is what she
told long before her death in May 2006.
Munir Niazi's Magic
World's Khalid Hassan
Munir Niazi was
the only egoist whose ego irritated no one because it came through with
such charm and humour. After Faiz Ahmed Faiz died, someone asked Munir how
the great vacuum created by the poet’s death would ever be filled. “That
vacuum I was filling even when Faiz was alive,” he replied. Vintage Munir
Niazi.
Waris Shah Rhymes
in English
Muhammed Afzal Shahid
Bullhe nun parhaya te oh
sarangi phar nacheya te ganveya. tenun parhaya te tun ishqiya qisse likhe”
(I taught Bullhe Shah and he danced and sang playing violin. I taught you
and you wrote love story), were the alleged painful remarks of Hafiz
Ghulam Murtaza of Kasur to his student, Waris Shah, when the latter is
said to have tried to gain blessings of his beloved teacher on completing
his anthology of Heer. However, the next day, after listening to
selections like:
Celebrating the
poet of love Ali Usman
LAHORE: Jandiala Sher Khan, a
small town on Hafizabad Road, some 14 kilometres away from Sheikhupura
gets over-packed from July 23 to 25 every year when people from all over
Punjab visit the town to pay tribute to one of the greatest Sufi poets of
Punjab, Waris Shah.
Baba Najmi's World
Shafqat Tanvir Mirza
MANY of the workers of the
Majlis-i-Ahrar were urban-based but had a rural
background. They were well aware of the oral traditions of Punjabi poetry
and with little or no education they used to express their agitation
rhetoric in Punjabi verse. Some of them were hired by publishers of
Kashmiri Bazaar, Lahore, to write on the latest issues in the background
of the freedom movement. Public speeches in verse were also welcomed. But
pamphlets in verse on latest political and social events were the best
medium. With time this practice did not remain limited to Ahrar and they
were joined by the poet-workers of other political parties, including the
Congress, the Muslim League, the Akalis and the progressive sections.
The Moorish Mosque
Ishtiaq Ahmed
"The Moorish Mosque was constructed on the order of his Highness Maharaja
Jagajit Singh Bahadur. The building operations were in progress between
October 1926 to March 1930. The total cost amounted to 4 lakh (400,000)
rupees. The inauguration ceremony took place on the 14th March 1930 in the
presence of His Highness the Maharaja who was accompanied by His Highness
the Nawab Sadiq Mohd. Khan Bahadur, Ruler of Bahawalpur State. The
congregation numbered over a lakh. The existence of this mosque will bear
an enduring testimony to His Highness' broadminded tolerance and
solicitude for the welfare of his subjects."
Husnalal Bhagatram and
the rise of Lata Mangeshkar
Harjap Singh Aujla
There
is an old adage that genius is one percent inspiration and ninety nine
percent perspiration. No matter how big a person grows, this saying comes
true. Today Lata Mangeshkar rules the world. Young music directors touch
her feet. But there was a time when Lata was desperately looking for work
and a great discoverer of latent the Late Master Ghulam Haider gave her
the break of her life.
Sachal Sarmast in
English Shafqat Tanvir Mirza
Glowing tribute to
Sharif Kunjahi News Item
Peace memorials and
peace parks Ishtiaq Ahmed
On October 27, 1999 I was
returning from Delhi to Stockholm after doing my first round of interviews
on the partition of Punjab. When the SAS plane crossed the border into
Pakistan the pilot told us to look to the left side below as we were
flying over the city of Lahore. Somewhere down there was Temple Road
Lahore where I was born a few months before the partition.
Lata gave her best
under Punjabi music directors
Harjap Singh Aujla
I
am experiencing mixed feelings of immense pleasure and deep sadness in
compiling this article. The pleasure is born out of the satisfaction that
I am experiencing the nostalgia of a treasure of unparalleled Punjabi
music that once flowed from the God given vocal chords of Lata Mangeshkar.
The sorrow is due to the Punjabi nature of callous indifference that leads
to virtual extinction of this kind of treasure trove. To me writing of
this article amounts to salvaging of some of the treasures buried under
deep seas after the sinking of Titanic.
Bhai Santa Singh – A
Unique Exponent of Guru’s Hymns
Harjap
Singh Aujla
AS
a child I was used to waking up between 6 and 7am. But on one cold early
winter morning of 1948, my mother woke me up at about 4:30am, gave me a
bath and made my JooRa (a bun of combed and knotted hair worn by
the Sikhs). After I put on new clothes, she took me to the family radio
and asked me to operate it. I pushed the on-button and the light came on.
Soon the sound appeared. The sign-on tune of All India Radio looked like a
great achievement. Then a sweet voice announced the time 5:00am and the
start of a special one hour morning service on the airwaves of All India
Radio Jalandhar-Amritsar in honour of the birth anniversary of Guru Nanak.
Demand for Punjabi
Portal on Press Information Bureau
News item
Amritsar4 June : Amritsar
Vikas Manch has demanded a Portal in Punjabi on the GOI site Press
Information Bureau. In a letter to the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh,
Prof. Mohan Singh the Manch Patron stated that one is disappointed to
observe that whereas languages like Bangla (KolKata), Malayalam (Thiruvananthapuran),
Tamil (Chinnai), Telgu (Hyderabad), Kannada (Bangalore), Gujrati (Ahmedabad)
etc. besides Hindi and English are adequately fed on this portal, Punjabi
does not find a place on this site although it is a constitutionally
recognized language of the country and going by the numbers of users ranks
7th in the world.
Words are power
Prof.
Saeed Ahmad
Words are strength. Words
are power. Everyone knows but not us. We hate words, we hate our languages
and result of our hatred is weak base of the country. Just look around our
country, especially India, China and Iran. None of these countries reject
words and languages of their own area. We are the only strange country
where we put containers in the way of the words. We tried to block Bangla
words. We have been trying to block all the words of our languages.
Perhaps we are the only nation who loves to block our own words. We
happily use the words and languages, which do not directly belong to us.
We feel fear from the words of Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pushto and
Kashmiri. We do not know words’ strength. We do not want to know the
strength of these words, which are born in the Indus valley. We want to
circumcise these words too.
BHAI BHOOMIYA
Bismal
Inderjit Singh
Guru Nanak Dev ji undertook
four long journeys to teach the people the right way to live this life and
to achieve oneness with the Lord. After reforming Sajjan Thug and Noorsha,
Guru ji, along with Bhai Mardana, set off for Dacca. He had received news
that under the guise of doing good, evil was being perpetrated on the
people.
Krishan Chander and
Lahore Ishtiaq Ahmed
My article 'Street theatre in Delhi'
dated Saturday, March 31, 2007, evoked strong emotions in India and
Pakistan because the veteran writer Krishan Chander's name had been
mentioned in connection with the play I saw performed. Many of us are
hugely in debt to him for inspiring in us a humanism, which has survived
all the traumas of the late twentieth century. At the beginning of the
twenty-first century we are still convinced with quixotic zeal that the
pen is superior to the sword, and therefore it should be wielded in behalf
of those who have no means to defend themselves against armed bullies and
their patrons.
The Rising
Irfan Habib
Until the rebelling sepoys from
Meerut crossed the Yamuna river early in the morning of 11 May 1857, what
had happened to disturb the equanimity of Lord Canning and his advisers
was only a series of incidents of unrest within the Bengal Army on the
issue of greased cartridges from February onwards at Berhampur, Barrackpur,
and Lucknow — all the "mutinies" having been suppressed, with
humiliations, punishments and disbandment of the affected units |
