Speaking Like a State

Speaking Like a State

Index

Afghan war 5, 55, 60–61

Āg kā daryā (Hyder) 31

Aga Khan III 39

Aga Khan Rural Support Program 39

Ahmad, Aijaz 44

Ahmed, Ghulam 130

Ahmedis 130

Ahsan, Aitzaz 138

The Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan 138, 141, 142, 143

Alam, Muzaffar 19

Ali, K. 125, 126, 141

Ali, Liaqat 42, 43

Alisjahbana, Sutan Takdir 178, 179–80

All-India Muslim League 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 27, 59, 74, 186

importance of Urdu to 23, 27, 28

All-India Radio 166

Ambedkar, B.R. 160–61

Amjad, Yahya, Tārīkh-e-Pākistān: Qadīm Daur (“History of Pakistan: The Ancient Era”) 138, 140

Amrohvi, Rais 53

Anderson, Benedict 7, 9, 14, 69, 71–72, 103, 184

Anti-One Unit Front 57, 60

Anwar, Riaz 57

Āo, Panjābī Ko Qatl Kareṉ (“Come, Let’s Kill Punjabi”, Kahut) 58, 77, 79

A-One Textbook of Pakistan Studies 133–35

Arabic 39–41

Awami League 46

Awami National Party 61

Awan, M.J., Tahrīk-e-āzādī meṉ Panjāb kā Kirdār (“Punjab’s Role in the Freedom Movement”) 138, 145

Ayub Khan, Muhammad 34, 39–40, 45, 57

Azad, Maulana 135

Aziz, K.K. 124

The Murder of History in Pakistan 124

Bahasa Indonesia language 15, 45, 155, 171–85

Balai Pustaka (publishing house) 154, 177

Balibar, Etienne 9

Balochi 62–63

Balochistan 62–63

Balochistan Mother Tongue Use Bill 63

Bandīwān (Zaman) 77, 82–84

Bangladesh, history 4–5, 42–46

barrak 96

Barth, Fredrik, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries 29

Bengal

efforts to make more “Islamic” 44

problems with Urdu 41–46

replacement of Persian with Bengali 21–22

Bengali

denial of official role 41–42

“Indic” appearance 44

replacing Persian as court language 21–22

usage in 1951 32

See also Bengal, problems with Urdu

Bewatna (Zaman) 79, 80–81, 83

Bhutto, Benazir 35

Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali 34, 53–54, 76, 129, 130–31

birādarī networks 96

Bizenjo, Ghaus Baksh 62

BMM (Bhawalpur Mutaheda Mahaz) 57–58

Bombay Presidency 49–50

Bourdieu, Pierre 69, 156

Brahui 62

British colonizers, assumptions made by 20–22

Bugti, Nawab Akbar 62

Cabinet Mission Plan 134, 146, 194

census data (Pakistan) 32, 43, 56, 58, 70, 71, 73

India 160

Indonesia 182

chapbooks 92–93

Chaudhry, Muhammad Azam, Tahrīk-e-Pākistān Meṉ Panjāb kā Kirdār (“Punjab’s Role in the Pakistan Movement”) 138

cinema

Punjabi heroes in 93–99

See also Hamārī Zabān (film), Maula Jaṭ (film)

cirāghāṉ dā melā festival 75, 82

Cohn, Bernard 150, 153–54

“Come, Let’s Kill Punjabi” (Āo, Panjābī Ko Qatl Kareṉ, Kahut) 58, 77, 79

Connor, Walker 12

Cultural Zones Scheme 120

culture, and nation 1–8, 11, 27, 29, 102, 105, 149, 188–92

Curriculum Wing 123–24

Dani, Ahmed Hasan 138

Das Gupta, Jyotirindra 157–58, 162, 168

Dave, Bhavna 10

Dhaka University, protests 42, 45

dichotomizing oppositions 28, 46, 63, 165

Doordarshan (India’s state television) 166

Dow, Alexander 127

Dulla Bhatti (historical character) 76, 85, 102, 191

Dullah Bhatti Institute 85

Durrand Line 59

East Bengal, Bengali language 23, 32, 41–46

ekushe (“twenty-one,” Feb. 21) 41

See also February 21^st

Eley, Geoff 72–73, 151

Encyclopedia of Islam (1938 edn), entry for Pakistan 25–26

English 36–39, 160–62

Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Barth) 29

Farani, Saeed Ahmad, Panjābī Zabān Nahīṉ Maregī (“The Punjabi Language Will Never Die”) 87–89, 90–91

Fareed, Baba 82, 93

Farishta, Mohammad Qasim 127–28

Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman 19

“Father of Urdu,” 16, 17

February 21^st 41

See also ekushe

Fort St. George College (Chennai) 154

Fort William College (Calcutta) 20–21, 154

French language 2–3, 152

Gal, Susan 17, 28

ganḍāsā 94, 96

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand “Mahatma,” 155

Gazdar, Mushtaq 31, 96

Geertz, Clifford 11, 63

Gellner, Ernest 14, 71–72, 103, 192

Ghaffar Khan, Khan Abdul 24, 59, 60, 135–36

Gujarati 163

Gurdaspur-Kathiawad Salient 142

Gurmukhi script (Punjabi) 23, 144

Hamārī Zabān (film) 31

Hamood ur-Rahman Education report 38

Haq, Fazlul 24

Haq, Maulvi Abdul “Father of Urdu” 16, 17

Hasan, Khalid 77, 83

Herder, Johann Gottfried 7–8

Herderianism 8–9, 64, 164

and language-as-nation 155–58

Heryanto, Ariel 182–83

Hilali, Maulana Khan Mir 27

Hindi

association with Hinduism 22–23

in India 18–22, 160–62

relationship to Urdu 19–20

Hindi–Urdu controversy 17–18, 21–22

Hīr-Rānjhā (Waris Shah) 82

History of British India (Mill) 127

historiography 4, 14, 35, 82, 102, 106–49

Hobsbawm, Eric 69, 151

Hoodbhoy, Pervez 124–25

Hussain, Altaf 54

Hussain, Shah 75, 76, 82, 93, 100

Hyder, Qurratulain, Āg kā daryā 31

Hyderabad 50, 54–55

“Ideology of Pakistan”

See Pakistan ideology

India (post-Independence) 191–92

choice of national language 158–62

linguistic provinces 162–66

national literatures and the state 166–69

Indian National Congress 24, 59, 135, 146, 163, 168

Indonesia 171–85

Bahasa Indonesia language 174–80

comparison with Pakistan 172–74, 184, 185–87, 192

national language development 180–85

Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan, The (Ahsan) 138, 141, 142, 143

instrumentalism 11–12

Iqbal, Mohammad 4, 25, 194

Iqbāliat (musical genre) 31

Islamiyat 40, 124, 129, 131, 133

Italian language 2–3

Jalal, Ayesha 5, 124, 125

Jalibi, Jamil 16, 137

Pākistānī Kalcar 105

Javanese 175–76

Jidd-o-Jahd-e-āzādī meṉ Panjāb kā Kirdār (“Punjab’s Role in the Independence Struggle,” Zulfaqar) 139

Jidd-o-Jahd-e-āzādī meṉ Sindh kā Kirdār (“Sindh’s Role in the Independence Struggle,” Leghari) 138

Jinnah, Mohammad Ali 24, 34, 37, 41, 42–43, 186

Jones, Sir William 154

Kahut, Chaudhry Nazir 58

Āo, Panjābī Ko Qatl Kareṉ (“Come, Let’s Kill Punjabi”) 58, 77, 79

Kamran, Gilani 94–96

Karachi 50, 54–55

See also University of Karachi

Khabrān (newspaper) 92

Khan Sahib, Dr. 59

Khan, Monem 45

Khan, Wali 59, 124

Khudai Khidmatgars 24, 135

Krishak Praja Party 24

Lahore Resolution 25, 105, 136, 186

Laitin, David 10

Language Day 45

See also ekushe

language ideology 6, 15, 17, 27, 32, 33, 44, 64, 73, 100, 101, 169, 172, 184, 186, 192

language paradox 7, 10, 15, 158, 177, 185, 192

language planning 150–58

Leghari, Abdul Jabbar Abid

Jidd-o-Jahd-e-āzādī meṉ Sindh kā Kirdār (“Sindh’s Role in the Independence Struggle”) 138

Tahrīk-e-āzādī meṉ Sindh kā Kirdār (“Sindh’s Role in the Freedom Movement”) 139

Leitner, G.W. 154

Lok Virsa 34, 76

madārīs 39–40

madrasa 39–40, 125

See also madārīs

madrassah

See madrasa and madārīs

Mahabharata (Javanese) 175–76

Mahabharata (Sanskrit) 126–27, 128

Majlis-e-Kabir Pakistan 119

Malay 174–75, 176

See also Bahasa Indonesia language

Malik, Akram Ali, Tārīkh-e-Panjāb: Qadīm Daur ta Jang-e-āzādī 1857 (“History of Punjab: The Ancient Era to the War of Independence: 1857”) 139, 143

Malik, Fateh Muhammad 140

Punjabi Identity 77, 139

Mansoor, Sabiha 74, 88

Manzoor, Manzoor Ahmed, The Pakistan Problem 139, 143

Marathi 19, 161, 163

Masih, Yaqoob Ilyas 65

Maulā Jaṭ (fictional character) 93, 96, 97–98

See also Rahi, Sultan

Maulā Jaṭ (film 1979) 93–94

Mill, James, History of British India 127

Mir, Safdar 84

Mirza, Shafqat Tanveer 76

Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature 77, 84, 85

Mohajir Qaumi Movement 49

mohajirs 48–55

“Mohajirstan,” 55

Movement for the Restoration of Democracy 54

Mujib, Shaikh (Shaikh Mujibur Rahman) 46

Munnoo Bhai 76

Muqtadira Qaumi Zaban (National Language Authority) 132

Murder of History in Pakistan, The (Aziz) 124

Musharraf, Pervez 35–36

Muslim League

See All-India Muslim League

Muttahida Qaumi Movement 49

Nanak, Kalām-e-Nānak (“The Writings of Nanak”) 139, 144

NAP (National Awami Party) 60

See also Awami National Party

nation

and culture 1–2

and language 2–3

as having a single language 7–9

national language creation 9–10

Nayyar, Abdul Hameed 124–25

Nazimuddin, Khwaja 45

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North-West Provinces, replacement of Persian by Hindustani in the Arabic script 21–22

Nur Khan, Proposals for a New Educational Policy 38, 52–53

NWFP (Northwest Frontier Province)

in Pakistan National History 135–36

language conflict 5

Pashto language 23, 59–61, 62

Official Language Committee (Majlis-e-Zaban-e-Daftari) 37

Old Malay 175

One Unit proposal 41, 51–52

Oriya, replacement of Persian with 21–22

Pāk 25–26

Pakhtun (magazine) 59

“Pakhtunkhwa” 61

Pakistan 188–89

as ideology 128–37

as imagined in advance 106–22

creation of 116–23, 147–49, 190–91

necessity of 105

periodization 126–28

revisionist books 138–47

derivation of name 25–26

experience with the Urdu language 5–6, 31–46

implications of name 27

political history 33–36

Pakistan ideology 121–22, 125, 128, 131–34, 139, 140, 142, 144

Pakistan Movement 4, 68, 85, 102, 106, 112, 121, 133, 134, 136, 138, 140, 144–47, 172, 194, 195

Pakistan Panjabi Adabi Board 76

Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) 46, 55, 57, 58, 60

Pakistan Problem, The (Manzoor) 139, 143

Pakistan Siraiki Party 58

Pakistan: The Fatherland of the Pak Nation (Rahmat Ali) 106–22

Pākistānī Kalcar (Jalibi) 105, 137

Panjabi Adabi Board 34

Panjāb kā Muqaddmah (Ramey) 77, 79–80, 84–85, 139, 140, 141–42, 143

Panjābī Zabān Nahī Maregī (“The Punjabi Language Will Never Die,” Farani) 87–89, 90–91

Pashto 23, 32, 59–61

in Balochistan 62

Pashtunistan 59–61

Passions of the Tongue (Ramaswamy) 98

Pollock, Sheldon 11, 28, 102, 167

Poras, Raja (historical character) 85, 102, 134, 191

Pramoedya Ananta Toer 186

primordialism 11

Proposals for a New Educational Policy (Nur Khan) 38, 52–53

Punjab 70–73

in Pakistan National History 136

lessons from 99

Multani language 23

Punjabi language 23

replacement of Persian by Urdu 72

Unionist Party in 24

Punjabi

in India 163

heroes 84–86

in cinema 93–99

marginalization of 72–73

usage in 1951 32

See also Punjabiyat movement

Punjabi Identity (Malik) 77, 139

“Punjabi Language Will Never Die, The” (Farani) 87–89, 90–91

“Punjabistan” 70–71, 78

Punjabiyat movement 6, 67–69, 73–74, 189–90

cultural revival 73–77

literature of 80–86

popular culture 87–99

Punjabi language as “lost,” 78–80

Puran Bhagat 75, 85, 102

Pusat Bahasa 181

Pushtu

See Pashto

Qadianis 130

Qaiyum Khan, Abdul 59–60

Qasim, Muhammad bin 125, 126, 130, 134

Qureshi, I. H. 140

Qureshi, Mufti Ghulam Sarwar Zahib, Tārīkh-e-Makhzan-e-Panjāb (“History of the Treasures of Punjab”) 139, 143–44

Radio Pakistan 31, 45

See also All-India Radio

Rahi, Sultan 93, 94, 97

See also Maula Jaṭ

Rahman, Fazlur 37, 123

Rahman, Tariq 36, 73, 124

Rahmat Ali, Choudhary 25–26, 107–22, 140

Pakistan: The Fatherland of the Pak Nation 106–22

Rai, Alok 19–20

Raja Poras

See Poras, Raja

Ramaswamy, Sumathi, Passions of the Tongue 98

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Ramayana (Javanese) 175–76

Ramayana (Sanskrit) 126–27

Ramey, Mohammad Hanif 76, 84–85, 99

Panjāb kā Muqaddmah 77, 79–80, 139, 140, 141–42, 143

Rashtra Bhasa Sangram Parishad (State Language Committee of Action) 42

Rasool, Sahibzada Abdur 126

Renan, Ernest 1

Report of the Commission on National Education (1960) 130

Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature (Mirza) 77, 84, 85

Roman script, proposal to use 45

Rushdie, Salman 33

Sabir, Muhammad Shafi`a

Tahrīk-e-Pākistān Me Subah-e-Sarhad kā Hissa (“NWFP’s Part in the Pakistan Movement”) 139

Tārī-e-Subah-e-Sarhad (“History of NWFP”) 139

Sahitya Akademi 167

Salim, Ahmed 133

Samuel, Jérôme 183

Sanskrit 20–21, 44, 48, 151, 154, 176

cognates 27

spoken 10

Sayed, G.M. 52

school Malay 177

Scott, James 6–7, 156

SDPI (Sustainable Development Policy Institute) report 123–24, 133

Shackle, Christopher 56

Shah, Bulleh 82

Shah, Waris 82, 93

Hīr-Rānjhā 82

Shahab, Qudratullah 188, 193–95

Shaikh, Aftab 65

Sharif, Nawaz 35, 63

Shils, Edward 11

Shiva, as Punjabi 142

Sind Adabi Board (Sind Literary Board) 52

Sindh 48–55

language conflict 5

Sindhi Adabi Sangat (Sindhi Literary Society) 52, 53

Sindhi Day 52

Sindhi language 23, 32, 49–50

“Sindhu Desh” 55

Siraiki 55–59

Siraiki language 23

Siraiki Lok Sanjh 58

Siraiki National Party 58

Siraiki Qaumi Movement 58

Six-Year National Plan for Education Development in Pakistan (1952) 129–30

Slade, E.H. 32

“Sleeping Beauty” theory of the nation 105

-stān (suffix) 26–27

Sumpah Pemuda 171, 176

Suny, Ronald Grigor 7, 11, 72–73, 105, 151

Syed, Najm Hosain 75–76, 84

Symbolic capital 10, 14, 37, 55, 69, 92, 100–01, 103, 149, 190–91

Tagore, Rabindranath 45

Tahrīk-e-āzādī meṉ Panjāb kā Kirdār (“Punjab’s Role in the Freedom Movement,” Awan) 138, 145

Tahrīk-e-āzādī meṉ Sindh kā Kirdār (“Sindh’s Role in the Freedom Movement,” Leghari) 139

Tahrīk-e-Pākistān Meṉ Panjāb kā Kirdār (“Punjab’s Role in the Pakistan Movement,” Chaudhry) 138

Tahrīk-e-Pākistān Meṉ Subah-e-Sarhad kā Hissa (“NWFP’s Part in the Pakistan Movement,” Sabir) 139

Talbot, Ian 71, 136

Tamil 98, 127, 150, 153, 161, 175

Tamilttay 98

Tārīkh-e-Makhzan-e-Panjāb (“History of the Treasures of Punjab,” Qureshi) 139, 143–44

Tārīkh-e-Pākistān: Qadīm Daur (“History of Pakistan: The Ancient Era,” Amjad) 138, 140

Tārīkh-e-Panjāb: Qadīm Daur ta Jang-e-āzādī 1857 (“History of Punjab: The Ancient Era to the War of Independence: 1857, ” Malik) 139, 143

Tārīkh-e-Subah-e-Sarhad (“History of NWFP,” Sabir) 139

tazkirah form 147

television

See Doordarshan

Thapar, Romila 127–28

thin simplifications 156

Tiwana, Sir Khizr Hayat 136

Two Nations Theory 13, 16, 24, 108, 130, 134, 143, 148, 188, 194

Unionist Party 24, 74, 136, 147

See also Tiwana, Sir Khizr Hayat

United Nations 150

University of Karachi 51

University of Sindh 51, 53

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Urdu

as national language 31–33, 44, 189

association with Islam 22–23, 23–27

comparison with planning Bahasa Indonesia 171–174, 186

emergence as national language of Pakistan 16–17

origins 18–19

privileging of, in Punjab 72–73

relationship to Hindi 19–20

usage in 1951 32

See also Hindi–Urdu controversy

Vali (poet) 20

vār verse form 75

Vaupes Indians 8

Verdery, Katherine 29

Waris Shah Publications 82

Weber, Eugene 2, 152

Weber, Max 155–56

World Punjabi Congress 77

World Sindhi Congress 49

Yahya Khan, Agha Mohammad 34, 52–53

Yusuf, Kaniz Fatima 140

Zulfaqar, Jidd-o-Jahd-e-āzādī meṉ Panjāb kā Kirdār (“Punjab’s Role in the Independence Struggle”) 139

Zaman, Fakhar 67, 76, 77

Bandīwān 77, 82–84

Bewatna 79, 80–81, 83

Zia, Shakil Ahmed 142

Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad 34–35, 40–41, 139–40

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